CHEMISTRY:
One half awarded to Frances H. Arnold (USA) "for the directed evolution of enzymes", the other half jointly to George P. Smith (USA) and Sir Gregory P. Winter (UK) "for the phage display of peptides and antibodies."
PHYSICS:
Awarded "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics" with one half to Arthur Ashkin (USA) "for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems", the other half jointly to Gérard Mourou (France) and Donna Strickland (Canada) "for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses."
PHYSIOLOGY or MEDICINE:
James P. Allison of the US and Tasuku Honjo of Japan "for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation."
LITERATURE:
No one was awarded Nobel Prize in Literature. The Swedish Academy has said it will postpone this year's Nobel Prize in Literature but plans to award it next year.
PEACE PRIZE:
Denis Mukwege (Congo) and Nadia Murad (Iraq) "for their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict."
The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel:
William D. Nordhaus (USA) “for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis” and Paul M. Romer (USA) “for integrating technological innovations into long-run macroeconomic analysis”
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